父母需要知道的麻疹爆发

米迦勒尼利，医学博士，儿科传染病专家，在儿童医院洛杉矶，有助于解释关于麻疹的事实， 父母如何防止进一步爆发，而且叶绿素可以帮助防止感染和治疗那些已经被感染。

这是怎么发生的？

米迦勒尼利：这起麻疹爆发于十二月2014在迪斯尼乐园。

它是如何传播的？

锰：这种感觉是，它是一个国际游客，不幸的是，麻疹是高度传染性的。

它是如何传播的？

锰： 麻疹可以通过与感染者有接触传播。它可以通过直接接触接触传播，甚至可以通过接触的空气传播。那些被感染的人通常会咳嗽，可以通过空气传播病毒。

这种特殊的爆发独特的和是什么原因引起如此广泛和新闻价值如何？

锰： 主要是造成这次爆发是独一无二的是案件数量居高不下。加利福尼亚州公共卫生部，截至2月4日^TH, 2015, we have 99 confirmed cases in THe state of California—THe majority of which are in THe THree major counties: Los Angeles County, Orange County and San Diego County. There are also additional cases THat have spread THroughout THe United States, so in total we have over 100 cases already just in THe first monTH of 2015. Typically, we have about THat many cases wiTHin THe U.S. in THe entire year. So, we are well on our way to THe largest outbreak THat we have had in years, ever since THe vaccine has been introduced.

Can you describe how THe anti-vaccine movement can be contributing to THis outbreak?

锰： The anti-vaccine movement has led to THe highest number of people who have not been vaccinated against measles since THe vaccine has been introduced. So we have a larger percentage of our population now who are unfortunately susceptible to THis infection. Again, because it is so infectious, it is easy for anyone who does not have an immunity against THis virus to become symptomatic to develop THis disease when THey encounter THis virus.

How does THe statistic show THis?

锰： The statistic would suggest THat THe majority of patients who have become infected are not vaccinated.

儿童在哪里有可能处于危险中？

锰： Children are more at risk at in areas of high density, high population. So, schools, daycares—THat’s why Disneyland was THe epicenter of THis outbreak, because it is a highly populated area, especially during holiday time. And again, because THis virus is so contagious, THe contact does not have to be ongoing and sustained as you would have for some oTHer viruses. Very casual contact like, being in THe same room, breaTHing in THe same air as an infected individual who is coughing, is enough to transmit THe infection.

How long can THe virus live?

锰： The usual incubation period, so from THe time you were exposed to THe virus to THe time you develop your first symptoms, generally is about a week or so. The initial symptoms THat happen are usually not specific to measles so it can be a little hard to recognize THat someone has measles. These symptoms can be

Then typically wiTHin a few days of THe onset of THose symptoms, you would develop a rash. It is when THe rash happens is when people THink THis might be measles. Unfortunately, you begin as an infected person to shed THe virus and able to spread it about 4 days before THe rash shows up and continue to transmit THe virus about 4 days after THe rash has appeared.

What can parents do if THeir child has not been vaccinated yet or are THere any precautions parents should take?

锰： If you THink your child has been exposed to a case of measles, we do vaccinate as young as 6 monTHs of age. Unfortunately, THe immunity THat you develop when you are vaccinated before THe typical age of a year THe immunity is not as strong or durable. So it does not count in THe standard series of vaccinations, which is two vaccines: one starting at about a year of age and THe second at about 4 to 6 years of age.

Also, try to avoid contact wiTH sick people. So, even if a certain individual doesn’t have measles, but has a cough, you generally want to keep your child from THis individual.

Some children, due to THeir medical condition or a compromised autoimmune system, cannot be vaccinated. What should parents in THat situation do THen?

锰： Children who have immunological conditions, such as cancer, cannot receive THe measles vaccine, because it is a live vaccine. Parents wiTH THese children should always check wiTH THeir provider or specialist on THe status of wheTHer or not THey can be vaccinated. If THey cannot be vaccinated, a general rule of THumb is to avoid people who are sick.

If you THink your child wiTH a compromised autoimmune system has been exposed to measles, we do have products THat can be given safely, even to THese children. It would consist of an immunoglobulin preparation THat can be given, which provides immediate protection against developing active disease.

Why is THe anti-vaccine movement harmful to children?

锰： The anti-vaccine movement is incredibly dangerous to THe healTH of children. We THought we had eradicated most THese diseases, and in fact, we had. Now, we are seeing a resurgence in not only measles, but chickenpox and oTHer vaccine-preventable illnesses. Many of THe so-called evidence for THis movement was based on a paper THat was published many years ago THat claimed to find a link between MMR vaccine and autism. Unfortunately, THat paper was extremely damaging and false. The investigator who published THe paper had his license stripped and he has lost repeated cases in court trying to recover THat license.

一个孩子可以在任何时候都接种疫苗吗？

锰： If your child has not been vaccinated and you wish to do so, you can always talk to your doctor. The vaccine is licensed to any patients over THe age of 12 monTHs, so THat would include adolescents and adults as well.

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